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What I promised!
If you remember, about 2 weeks ago I promised to share a file or two with the
cert group that meets on Sunday. One of these things was a sample test that I
have. What the hell was the other thing?
Steve
1
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
What is a shell
Which of the following interprets your actions when typing at the command
line for the operating system?
Choose One
a. Utility
b. Application
c. Shell
d. Command
Answer: c
A shell is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and
the operating system. It interprets what you type and passes it to the
operating system.
=====
2
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
What is a shell
What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are
using?
Answer: echo $SHELL
The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL
environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the
value of any variable by preceding the variable's name with $. Therefore,
typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell.
=====
3
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Typing at the command line
You want to enter a series of commands from the command-line. What would
be the quickest way to do this?
Choose One
a. Press enter after entering each command and its arguments
b. Put them in a script and execute the script
c. Separate each command with a semi-colon (;) and press enter after
the last command
d. Separate each command with a / and press enter after the last command
Answer: c
The semi-colon may be used to tell the shell that you are entering
multiple commands that should be executed serially. If these were
commands that you would frequently want to run, then a script might
be more efficient. However, to run these commands only once, enter the
commands directly at the command line.
=====
4
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Typing at the command line
You are entering a long, complex command line and you reach the right
side of your screen before you have finished typing. You want to finish
typing the necessary commands but have the display wrap around to the
left. Which of the following key combinations would achieve this?
Choose One
a. Esc, /, Enter
b. /, Enter
c. ctrl-d, enter
d. esc, /, ctrl-d
Answer: b
The / is called an escape character. It tells the shell to ignore the next
typed character when sending the command to the operating system. When
you press the enter key, the shell wraps to the left of your display so
you can see what you are typing but the NEWLINE character will not be
sent to the operating system.
=====
5
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Typing at the command line
After typing in a new command and pressing enter, you receive an error
message indicating incorrect syntax. This error message originated from
Choose one
a. The shell
b. The operating system
c. The command
d. The kernel
Answer: c
The shell does not understand the command but merely passes it to the
operating system. The operating system calls the command, however,
the error message originates from the command itself.
=====
6
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
The Readline Library
When typing at the command line, the default editor is the _____________
library.
Answer: readline
By default, your shell used the readline library in emacs mode as its
command line editor.
=====
7
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
The Readline Library
You typed the following at the command line
ls -al /home/ hadden
What key strokes would you enter to remove the space between the '/'
and 'hadden' without having to retype the entire line?
Choose one
a. Ctrl-B, Del
b. Esc-b, Del
c. Esc-Del, Del
d. Ctrl-b, Del
Answer: b
The key combination Esc-b will move your cursor to the beginning of the
word to the left. In this case, it would move your cursor to the beginning
of the word hadden. Then, the Del key would delete one character to the
left of the cursor or the extra space.
=====
8
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
inputrc
You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be
vi. What command should you type to change it?
Answer: set -o vi
The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case,
you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line
editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to
the previously defined command line editor.
=====
9
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
inputrc
After experimenting with vi as your command line editor, you decide
that you want to have vi your default editor every time you log in. What
would be the appropriate way to do this?
Choose one
a. Change the /etc/inputrc file
b. Change the /etc/profile file
c. Change the ~/.inputrc file
d. Change the ~/.profile file
Answer: c
The /etc/inputrc file defines the default command line editor for the
system. If you want to define a different editor for your use, put it
in the .inputrc file in your home directory.
=====
10
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
You have to type your name and title frequently throughout the day
and would like to decrease the number of key strokes you use to type
this. Which one of your configuration files would you edit to bind this
information to one of the function keys?
Answer: .inputrc
The .inputrc file in your home directory can define key bindings as well
as define you command line editor. To see which key bindings have been
defined, type bind -v.
=====
11
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Command Line Completion
In your present working directory, you have the files
maryletter
memo1
MyTelephoneandAddressBook
What is the fewest number of keys you can type to open the file
MyTelephoneandAddressBook with vi?
Choose one
a. 6
b. 28
c. 25
d. 4
Answer: a
You could open the file MyTelephoneandAddressBook in vi using command
line completion by typing vi My<Tab> which is only 6 characters. Since
you only have the one file that begins with "My", when you press the
Tab key, the shell will enter the entire filename.
=====
12
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
User Variables and Environment Variables
A variable that you can name and assign a value to is called a
_____________ variable.
Answer: user
There are two types of variables: user and environment variables. An
environment variable is one that is already named by the program, but
you can change its value. A user variable, however, is one that you can
create by naming it and then assign it a value.
=====
13
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Path
You have installed a new application but when you type in the command
to start it you get the error message
Command not found
What do you need to do to fix this problem?
Choose one
a. Add the directory containing the application to your path
b. Specify the directory's name whenever you run the application
c. Verify that the execute permission has been applied to the command.
d. Give everyone read, write and execute permission to the application's
directory.
Answer: a
When you execute a command, the operating system looks for that command
in the directories specified by the PATH environment variable. By adding
the application's directory to the path, the operating system will be
able to locate the command and execute it.
=====
14
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
prompt
You telnet into several of your servers simultaneously. During the day,
you sometimes get confused as to which telnet session is connected to
which server. Which of the following commands in your .profile file
would make it obvious to which server you are attached?
Choose one
a. PS1='\h: \w>'
b. PS1='\s: \W>'
c. PS1='\!: \t>'
d. PS1='\a: \n>'
Answer: a
The PS1 variable is used to define how your prompt appears. The string
listed here would display the hostname and present working directory. Now,
whenever you look at your prompt, you know which server you working on.
=====
15
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
home
Which of the following environment variables determines your working
directory at the completion of a successful login?
Choose one
a. HOME
b. BASH_ENV
c. PWD
d. BLENDERDIR
Answer: a
The HOME environment variable contains the path to the user's home
directory. After a successful login, the user is placed in his home
directory.
=====
16
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Aliases
Every time you attempt to delete a file using the rm utility, the
operating system prompts you for confirmation. You know that this is
not the customary behavior for the rm command. What is wrong?
Choose one
a. rm has been aliased as rm -i
b. The version of rm installed on your system is incorrect.
c. This is the normal behavior of the newest version of rm.
d. There is an incorrect link on your system.
Answer: a
It is common for the rm command to be aliased to rm -i as a safety
measure to prevent deleting the incorrect file.
=====
17
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
history List
You are running out of space in your home directory. While looking for
files to delete or compress you find a large file called .bash_history
and delete it. A few days later, it is back and as large as before. What
do you need to do to ensure that its size is smaller?
Choose one
a. Set the HISTFILESIZE variable to a smaller number.
b. Set the HISTSIZE to a smaller number.
c. Set the NOHISTFILE variable to true.
d. Set the HISTAPPEND variable to true.
Answer: a
The HISTFILESIZE variable defines the number of lines or events to save
for the next login session.
=====
18
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
History List
In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the
history command, you would type ___________.
Answer: history 5
The history command displays the commands you have previously entered. By
passing it an argument of 5, only the last five commands will be
displayed.
=====
19
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
fc
In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the
fc command, you would type ___________.
Answer: fc -5
The fc command can be used to edit or rerun commands you have previously
entered. To specify the number of commands to list, use -n.
=====
20
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
fc
You previously ran the find command to locate a particular file. You
want to run that command again. What would be the quickest way to do this?
Choose one
a. fc -l find <enter>
fc n
b. history -l find <enter>
history n
c. Retype the command
d. fc -n find
Answer: a
You can use the fc command to search for a previously entered command
by passing a pattern as an argument.
=====
21
Obj 3.1
Chapter 5
Command Substitution
Using command substitution, how would you display the value of the
present working directory?
Choose one
a. echo $(pwd)
b. echo pwd
c. $pwd
d. pwd | echo
Answer: a
Using the $ and parenthesis causes the value of the variable pwd to be
displayed rather than echoing 'pwd'.
=====
22
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Processes
You need to search the entire directory structure to locate a specific
file. How could you do this and still be able to run other commands
while the find command is still searching for your file?
Choose one
a. find / -name filename &
b. find / -name filename
c. bg find / -name filename
d. &find / -name filename &
Answer: a
You can run any command in the background by using an ampersand (&)
at the end of the command.
=====
23
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Processes
In order to create a file called DirContents containing the contents of
the /etc directory you would type ____________.
Answer: ls /etc > DirContents
Using the > will redirect the output of the ls /etc command to the
file DirContents.
=====
24
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Processes
What would be displayed as the result of issuing the command ps ef?
Choose one
a. A listing of the user's running processes formatted as a tree.
b. A listing of the stopped processes
c. A listing of all the running processes formatted as a tree.
d. A listing of all system processes formatted as a tree.
Answer: a
This would show the parent child relationship of all the user's processes.
=====
25
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
top
What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running
processes? __________
Answer: top
The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is
dynamically updated.
=====
26
Obj 3.6
Chapter 5
top and nice
The top utility can be used to change the priority of a running process?
Another utility that can also be used to change priority is
___________?
Answer: nice
Both the top and nice utilities provide the capability to change the
priority of a running process.
=====
27
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Background and Foreground Processes
What key combination can you press to suspend a running job and place
it in the background?
Answer: ctrl-z
Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background.
=====
28
Obj 3.6
Chapter 5
Jobs
You issue the command jobs and receive the following output:
[1]- Stopped (tty output) pine
[2]+ Stopped (tty output) MyScript
How would you bring the MyScript process to the foreground?
Choose one:
a. fg %2
b. ctrl-c
c. fg MyScript
d. ctrl-z
Answer: a
You use the fg command to bring a process to the foreground. Since there
are multiple jobs to select from, you must specify the job by either
its job number or name.
=====
29
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Jobs
You enter the command
cat MyFile | sort > DirList &
and the operating system displays
[4] 3499
What does this mean?
Choose one
a. This is job number 4 and the PID of the sort command is 3499.
b. This is job number 4 and the PID of the job is 3499.
c. This is job number 3499 and the PID of the cat command is 4.
d. This is job number 4 and the PID of the cat command is 3499.
Answer: a
The first number, 4, is the number of the job. The second number is the
PID of the last process of the job.
=====
30
Obj 3.5
Chapter 5
Signals
You attempt to log out but receive an error message that you cannot. When
you issue the jobs command, you see a process that is running in the
background. How can you fix this so that you can logout?
Choose one
a. Issue the kill command with the PID of each running command of the
pipeline as an argument.
b. Issue the kill command with the job number as an argument.
c. Issue the kill command with the PID of the last command as an argument.
d. Issue the kill command without any arguments.
Answer: c
You can use the kill command to terminate a process that does not want
to quit. You do this by using either the PID or the name of the process
as an argument.
=====
31
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Planning your backup
You have been given the job of administering a new server. It houses a
database used by the sales people. This information is changed frequently
and is not duplicated anywhere else. What should you do to ensure that
this information is not lost?
Choose one
a. Create a backup strategy that includes backing up this information
at least daily.
b. Prepare a proposal to purchase a backup server
c. Recommend that the server be made part of a cluster.
d. Install an additional hard drive in the server.
Answer: a
In order to protect against the loss of data, a method of backing up
your information on a regular basis should be implemented. Since the
data changes frequently, you might consider backing it up more frequently
than daily.
=====
32
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Planning
When planning your backup strategy you need to consider how often you
will perform a backup, how much time the backup takes and what media you
will use. What other factor must you consider when planning your backup
strategy? _________
Answer: what to backup
Choosing which files to backup is the first step in planning your backup
strategy.
=====
33
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Backup frequency
Many factors are taken into account when planning a backup strategy. The
one most important one is how often does the file ____________.
Answer: change
If a file is static and never changes, then you can back it up less
frequently. However, if a file changes daily or hourly, then you will
want to back it up more frequently to prevent the loss of data.
=====
34
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Media selection
Which one of the following factors does not play a role in choosing the
type of backup media to use?
Choose one:
a. How frequently a file changes
b. How long you need to retain the backup
c. How much data needs to be backed up
d. How frequently the backed up data needs to be accessed
Answer: a
The frequency that a file changes does not impact on the type of media
you choose to use.
=====
35
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Types of backups
When you only back up one partition, this is called a ______ backup.
Choose one
a. Differential
b. Full
c. Partial
d. Copy
Answer: c
A partial backup is where you select only a portion of your file hierarchy
or a single partition to back up. This is not dependent upon whether or
not the file has changed since the last backup.
=====
36
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Types of backups
When you back up only the files that have changed since the last backup,
this is called a ______ backup.
Choose one
a. Partial
b. Differential
c. Full
d. Copy
Answer: b
A differential backup is one where the files to backup are selected on
the basis of when the last change was made and not on its location in
the file hierarchy.
=====
37
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Types of backups
The easiest, most basic form of backing up a file is to _____ it to
another location.
Answer: copy
The easiest most basic form of backing up a file is to make a copy of
that file to another location such as a floppy disk.
=====
38
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Restoring files from backup
When is the most important time to restore a file from your backup?
Choose one
a. On a regular scheduled basis to verify that the data is available.
b. When the system crashes.
c. When a user inadvertently loses a file.
d. When your boss asks to see how restoring a file works.
Answer: a
You should always do routine restorations in order to ensure that you will
be able to use your backups if the system crashes or a user loses a file.
=====
39
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
tar
As a system administrator, you are instructed to backup all the users'
home directories. Which of the following commands would accomplish this?
Choose one
a. tar rf usersbkup home/*
b. tar cf usersbkup home/*
c. tar cbf usersbkup home/*
d. tar rvf usersbkup home/*
Answer: b
This command would create a tarfile called usersbkup containing the
contents of the home directory including the directory structure.
=====
40
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
tar
What is wrong with the following command?
tar cvfb / /dev/tape 20
Choose one
a. You cannot use the c option with the b option.
b. The correct line should be tar -cvfb / /dev/tape20.
c. The arguments are not in the same order as the corresponding
modifiers.
d. The files to be backed up have not been specified.
Answer: c
In order for tar to understand what to do, the modifiers are listed first
and then the arguments. The arguments have to be presented in the same
order as the modifiers. In this case, the command should be tar cvfb
/dev/tape 20 /
=====
41
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
tar
You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What
command would you use? __________
Answer: tar tf MyBackup.tar
The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier
specifies which file to examine.
=====
42
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Restoring files with tar
You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile
MyBackup.tar. What command should you type?
Answer: tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben
This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben
will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar.
=====
43
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Restoring files with tar
You are covering for another system administrator and one of the users
asks you to restore a file for him. You locate the correct tarfile by
checking the backup log but do not know how the directory structure was
stored. What command can you use to determine this?
Choose one:
a. tar fx tarfile dirname
b. tar tvf tarfile filename
c. tar ctf tarfile
d. tar tvf tarfile
Answer: d
The t switch will list the files contained in the tarfile. Using the v
modifier will display the stored directory structure.
=====
44
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
cpio
You need to copy all the files and directories contained in the home
directory to another location. What utility can you use for this?
Choose one
a. cpio
b. cp
c. mv
d. mvdir
Answer: a
The cpio utility allows you to copy entire directory hierarchies from
one location to another.
=====
45
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
cpio
What command would you type to use the cpio to create a backup called
backup.cpio of all the users' home directories? _____________
Answer: find /home | cpio -o > backup.cpio
The find command is used to create a list of the files and directories
contained in home. This list is then piped to the cpio utility as a list
of files to include and the output is saved to a file called backup.cpio.
=====
46
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
cpio
After creating a backup of the users' home directories called backup.cpio
you are asked to restore a file called memo.ben. What command should
you type?
Answer: cpio -iF backup.cpio memo.ben
The i tells cpio to extract, F specifies the archive to examine and the
file to extract is memo.ben.
=====
47
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Compressing and Uncompressing files
You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home directories
so you issue the command gzip /home/* backup.gz but it fails. The reason
that it failed is that gzip will only compress one _______ at a time.
Answer: file
The gzip utility cannot compress multiple files in a single operation.
=====
48
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
Compressing and Uncompressing files
You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home
directories. What utility should you use?
Answer: tar
You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same
time as creating it.
=====
49
Obj 11.5
Chapter 11
zcat
You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log
from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having
to decompress it, use the _________ utility.
Answer: zcat
The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file
much the same way that cat displays a file.
=====
50
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Scheduling jobs
Which two utilities can you use to set up a job to run at a specified
time?
Choose one:
a. at and crond
b. atrun and crontab
c. at and crontab
d. atd and crond
Answer: c
You use the at command to schedule a job to run once. The crontab
command is used to schedule recurring jobs.
=====
51
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Scheduling jobs
You have written a script called usrs to parse the passwd file and
create a list of usernames. You want to have this run at 5 am tomorrow
so you can see the results when you get to work. Which of the following
commands will work?
Choose one:
a. at 5:00 wed usrs
b. at 5:00 wed -b usrs
c. at 5:00 wed -l usrs
d. at 5:00 wed -d usrs
Answer: a
This command will run the script usrs at 5 am tomorrow (which in this
case is Wednesday).
=====
52
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Scheduling jobs
Several of your users have been scheduling large at jobs to run during
peak load times. How can you prevent anyone from scheduling an at job?
Choose one:
a. delete the file /etc/at.deny
b. create an empty file called /etc/at.deny
c. create two empty files: /etc/at.deny and /etc/at.allow file
d. create an empty file called /etc/at.allow
Answer: a
If there is not /etc/at.deny file, then only the superuser or root may
schedule at jobs.
=====
53
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Scheduling jobs
How can you determine who has scheduled at jobs?
Choose one:
a. at -l
b. at -q
c. at -d
d. atwho
Answer: a
Using at with the -l option will provide a list of scheduled jobs. This
is the same as using atq.
=====
54
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Scheduling jobs
When defining a cronjob, there are five fields used to specify when the
job will run. What are these fields and what is the correct order?
Choose one:
a. minute, hour, day of week, day of month, month
b. minute, hour, month, day of month, day of week
c. minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week
d. hour, minute, day of month, month, day of week
Answer: c
When creating a cronjob, the time fields must be entered in the order
of minute, hour, day of the month, month and day of the week.
=====
55
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
crontab
You have entered the following cronjob. When will it run?
15 * * * 1,3,5 myscript
Choose one:
a. at 15 minutes after every hour on the 1st, 3rd and 5th of each month.
b. at 1:15 am, 3:15 am, and 5:15 am every day
c. at 3:00 pm on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th of each month
d. at 15 minutes after every hour every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
Answer: d
This would run at 15 minutes after the hour on every Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday of every month no matter what the date.
=====
56
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
crontab
As the system administrator you need to review Bob's cronjobs. What
command would you use?
Choose one:
a. crontab -lu bob
b. crontab -u bob
c. crontab -l
d. cronq -lu bob
Answer: a
The -l option requests a list of jobs from crontab and the -u option is
used to specify which user's jobs you want to see.
=====
57
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
crontab
In order to schedule a cronjob, the first task is to create a text file
containing the jobs to be run along with the time they are to run. Which
of the following commands will run the script MyScript every day at
11:45 pm?
Choose one:
a. * 23 45 * * MyScript
b. 23 45 * * * MyScript
c. 45 23 * * * MyScript
d. * * * 23 45 MyScript
Answer: c
This line will run the MyScript script at 23:45 or 11:45 pm every day
of every month and every day of the week.
=====
58
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
crontab
Which daemon must be running in order to have any scheduled jobs run
as scheduled?
Choose one:
a. crond
b. atd
c. atrun
d. crontab
Answer: a
The crond daemon is responsible for insuring that scheduled jobs run as
scheduled. One of its jobs is to also use atrun to ensure that at jobs
are run as well.
=====
59
Obj 11.4
Managing cron jobs
You want to ensure that your system is not overloaded with users running
multiple scheduled jobs. A policy has been established that only the
system administrators can create any scheduled jobs. It is your job to
implement this policy. How are you going to do this?
Choose one:
a. create an empty file called /etc/cron.deny
b. create a file called /etc/cron.allow which contains the names of
those allowed to schedule jobs.
c. create a file called /etc/cron.deny containing all regular usernames.
d. create two empty files called /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny
Answer: b
The crond daemon will examine the file /etc/cron.allow whenever a user
attempts to install a cron job. If that user's name is not in the file,
he will not be able to install the cron job.
=====
60
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Managing cron jobs
You notice that your server load is exceptionally high during the hours
of 10 am to 2 noon. When investigating the cause, you suspect that it
may be a cron job scheduled by one of your users. What command can you
use to determine if your suspicions are correct?
Choose one:
a. crontab -u
b. crond -u
c. crontab -l
d. crond -l
Answer: c
Using the crontab command with the -l option will display all scheduled
cron jobs for all users.
=====
61
Obj 11.4
Chapter 10
Managing cron jobs
One of your users, Bob, has created a script to reindex his database. Now
he has it scheduled to run every day at 10:30 am. What command should
you use to delete this job.
Choose one:
a. crontab -ru bob
b. crontab -u bob
c. crontab -du bob
d. crontab -lu bob
Answer: a
As root, you can use crontab to manage any user's jobs. The -u option
is used to specify which user's jobs you wich to act on. The -r option
tells crontab to delete the job.
=====
62
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
System logs
What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system?
Answer: syslogd
The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information
and saving it to specified log files.
=====
63
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
System Logs
What is the name and path of the default configuration file used by the
syslogd daemon?
Answer: /etc/syslog.conf
If no configuration file is specified when starting syslogd, then it will
start up with the configuration specified in the /etc/syslog.conf file.
=====
64
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
System logs
You have made changes to the /etc/syslog.conf file. Which of the following
commands will cause these changes to be implemented without having
to reboot your computer?
Choose one:
a. kill SIGHINT `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`
b. kill SIGHUP `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`
c. kill SIGHUP syslogd
d. kill SIGHINT syslogd
Answer: a
When you use kill with the SIGHUP signal, it stops the daemon, rereads the
/etc/syslog.conf file, and then starts the syslogd daemon. The last
part of the command line extracts the PID for syslogd.
=====
65
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Configuring syslogd
Which of the following lines in your /etc/syslog.conf file will cause
all critical messages to be logged to the file /var/log/critmessages?
Choose one:
a. *.=crit /var/log/critmessages
b. *crit /var/log/critmessages
c. *=crit /var/log/critmessages
d. *.crit /var/log/critmessages
Answer: a
Although the asterick refers to all sources, using the equal sign (=) will
explicitly log those messages to the specified file.
=====
66
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Configuring syslogd
You wish to have all mail messages except those of type info to the
/var/log/mailmessages file. Which of the following lines in your
/etc/syslogd.conf file would accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. mail.*;mail!=info /var/log/mailmessages
b. mail.*;mail.=info /var/log/mailmessages
c. mail.*;mail.info /var/log/mailmessages
d. mail.*;mail.!=info /var/log/mailmessages
Answer: d
The bang (!) is used to negate what is specified. In this line, all
messages from mail would be logged to the /var/log/mailmessages file except
for those of type info.
=====
67
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Managing logs
What is the name and path of the main system log?
Answer: /var/log/messages
By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages.
=====
68
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Managing logs
Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
Choose one:
a. /var/log/utmp
b. /var/log/wtmp
c. /var/log/lastlog
d. /var/log/messages
Answer: a
Information on currently logged on users is stored in the /var/log/utmp
log and used by the who, q, and finger utilities.
=====
69
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Managing logs
You have been assigned the task of determining if there are any user
accounts defined on your system that have not been used during the
last three months. Which log file should you examine to determine
this information?
Choose one:
a. /var/log/wtmp
b. /var/log/lastlog
c. /var/log/utmp
d. /var/log/messages
Answer: b
The /var/log/lastlog file contains information on the time each user
defined in the passwd file last logged into the system.
=====
70
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Rotating logs
You have been told to configure a method of rotating log files on your
system. Which of the following factors do you not need to consider?
Choose one:
a. date and time of messages
b. log size
c. frequency of rotation
d. amount of available disk space
Answer: a
The date and time that messages are written do not effect how or when you
which to rotate log files.
=====
71
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Rotating logs
What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs?
Answer: logrotate
The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various
logs.
=====
72
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Rotating logs
You wish to rotate all your logs weekly except for the /var/log/wtmp log
which you wish to rotate monthly. How could you accomplish this.
Choose one:
a. Assign a global option to rotate all logs weekly and a local option to
rotate the /var/log/wtmp log monthly.
b. Assign a local option to rotate all logs weekly and a global option
to rotate the /var/log/wtmp log monthly.
c. Move the /var/log/wtmp log to a different directory. Run logrotate
against the new location.
d. Configure logrotate to not rotate the /var/log/wtmp log. Rotate it
manually every month.
Answer: a
The global options will be applied to all rotations unless a local
option is defined for a particular log. By setting a local option for
the /var/log/wtmp logfile you can define a different rotation schedule
that would apply only to that logfile.
=====
73
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Archiving logs
You have configured logrotate to rotate your logs weekly and keep them
for eight weeks. You are running our of disk space. What should you do?
Choose one:
a. Quit using logrotate and manually save old logs to another location.
b. Reconfigure logrotate to only save logs for four weeks.
c. Configure logrotate to save old files to another location.
d. Use the prerotate command to run a script to move the older logs to
another location.
Answer: d
You can use the prerotate command to run a script before logs are rotated.
You could have this script move the older logs to another location before
rotation occurs.
=====
74
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Using logs to troubleshoot
What command can you use to review boot messages?
Answer: dmesg
The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel
ring buffer. By using this command immediately after booting your computer,
you will see the boot messages.
=====
75
Obj 11.3
Chapter 10
Using logs to troubleshoot
What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files?
Answer: kernel.h
To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your
system, examine the kernel.h file.
=====
76
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
root
What account is created when you install Linux?
Answer: root
Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the
superuser account also known as root.
=====
77
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
root
While logged on as a regular user, your boss calls up and wants you to
create a new user account immediately. How can you do this without first
having to close your work, log off and logon as root?
Choose one:
a. Issue the command rootlog.
b. Issue the command su and type exit when finished.
c. Issue the command su and type logoff when finished.
d. Issue the command logon root and type exit when finished.
Answer: b
You can use the su command to imitate any user including root. You will
be prompted for the password for the root account. Once you have provided
it you are logged in as root and can do any administrative duties.
=====
78
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
Which file defines all users on your system?
Choose one:
a. /etc/passwd
b. /etc/users
c. /etc/password
d. /etc/user.conf
Answer: a
The /etc/passwd file contains all the information on users who may
log into your system. If a user account is not contained in this file,
then the user cannot log in.
=====
79
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
There are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file. Which of the following
lists all the fields in the correct order?
Choose one:
a. username, UID, GID, home directory, command, comment
b. username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command
c. UID, username, GID, home directory, comment, command
d. username, UID, group name, GID, home directory, comment
Answer: b
The seven fields required for each line in the /etc/passwd file are
username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command. Each of these
fields must be separated by a colon even if they are empty.
=====
80
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
Which of the following user names is invalid?
Choose one:
a. Theresa Hadden
b. thadden
c. TheresaH
d. T.H.
Answer: a
User names cannot contain spaces. Also, they should be eight characters
or less.
=====
81
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
In order to prevent a user from logging in, you can add a(n) _____________
at the beginning of the password field.
Answer: asterick
If you add an asterick at the beginning of the password field in the
/etc/passwd file, that user will not be able to log in.
=====
82
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
The beginning user identifier is defined in the _________ file.
Answer: /etc/login.defs
The /etc/login.defs file defines the first number that can be used as
a user ID.
=====
83
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
Which field is used to define the user's default shell?
Answer: command
The last field, called either command or login command, is used to
specify what shell the user will use when he logs in.
=====
84
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd command
Bob Armstrong, who has a username of boba, calls to tell you he
forgot his password. What command should you use to reset his command?
Answer: passwd boba
The passwd command is used to change your password. If you do not specify
a username, your password will be changed.
=====
85
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The passwd file
Your company has implemented a policy that users' passwords must be reset
every ninety days. Since you have over 100 users you created a file with
each username and the new password. How are you going to change the old
passwords to the new ones?
Choose one:
a. Use the chpasswd command along with the name of the file containing
the new passwords.
b. Use the passwd command with the -f option and the name of the file
containing the new passwords.
c. Open the /etc/passwd file in a text editor and manually change each
password.
d. Use the passwd command with the -u option.
Answer: a
The chpasswd command takes a file containing username/password pairs
and makes the appropriate changes to the /etc/passwd file.
=====
86
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
shadow passwords
You attempt to use shadow passwords but are unsuccessful. What
characteristic of the /etc/passwd file may cause this?
Choose one:
a. The login command is missing.
b. The username is too long.
c. The password field is blank.
d. The password field is prefaced by an asterick.
Answer: c
The password field must not be blank before converting to shadow
passwords.
=====
87
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Creating users
You create a new user account by adding the following line to your
/etc/passwd file.
bobm:baddog:501:501:Bob Morris:/home/bobm:/bin/bash
Bob calls you and tells you that he cannot logon. You verify that he is
using the correct username and password. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. The UID and GID cannot be identical.
b. You cannot have spaces in the line unless they are surrounded with
double quotes.
c. You cannot directly enter the password; rather you have to use the
passwd command to assign a password to the user.
d. The username is too short, it must be at least six characters long.
Answer: c
When editing the /etc/passwd file, you must not type anything in the
password file. Once you have added a user, you must use the passwd
command to assign a password to that account.
=====
88
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Creating users
Which of the following tasks is not necessary when creating a new user
by editing the /etc/passwd file?
Choose one:
a. Create a link from the user's home directory to the shell the user
will use.
b. Create the user's home directory
c. Use the passwd command to assign a password to the account.
d. Add the user to the specified group.
Answer: a
There is no need to link the user's home directory to the shell
command. Rather, the specified shell must be present on your system.
=====
89
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Creating users
You create a new user by adding the following line to the /etc/passwd file
bobm::501:501:Bob Morris:/home/bobm:/bin/bash
You then create the user's home directory and use the passwd command to
set his password. However, the user calls you and says that he cannot
log on. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. The user did not change his password.
b. bobm does not have permission to /home/bobm.
c. The user did not type his username in all caps.
d. You cannot leave the password field blank when creating a new user.
Answer: b
When you create the new user's home directory, the permissions are set
with root as the owner. You need to change the ownership so that bobm
can access his home directory. Otherwise, he will not be able to login.
=====
90
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Using the useradd command
When using useradd to create a new user account, which of the following
tasks is not done automatically.
Choose one:
a. Assign a UID.
b. Assign a default shell.
c. Create the user's home directory.
d. Define the user's home directory.
Answer: c
The useradd command will use the system default for the user's home
directory. The home directory is not created, however, unless you use
the -m option.
=====
91
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Using the useradd command
You issue the following command
useradd -m bobm
But the user cannot logon. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. You need to assign a password to bobm's account using the passwd
command.
b. You need to create bobm's home directory and set the appropriate
permissions.
c. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file and assign a shell for bobm's
account.
d. The username must be at least five characters long.
Answer: a
The useradd command does not assign a password to newly created
accounts. You will still need to use the passwd command to assign
a password.
=====
92
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Using the useradd command
You have created special configuration files that you want copied to each
user's home directories when creating new user accounts. You copy the
files to /etc/skel. Which of the following commands will make this happen?
Choose one:
a. useradd -m username
b. useradd -mk username
c. useradd -k username
d. useradd -Dk username
Answer: b
Using the -m option with the useradd command will cause the home directory
to be created. The -k option will copy files and directories contained in
/etc/skel to the user's home directory with the appropriate permissions.
=====
93
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Using the usermod command
Mary has recently gotten married and wants to change her username from
mstone to mknight. Which of the following commands should you run to
accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. usermod -l mknight mstone
b. usermod -l mstone mknight
c. usermod -u mknight mstone
d. usermod -u mstone mknight
Answer: a
The -l option used with the usermod command specifies the new login name
for the specified account.
=====
94
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Deleting users
After bob leaves the company you issue the command userdel bob. Although
his entry in the /etc/passwd file has been deleted, his home directory
is still there. What command could you have used to make sure that his
home directory was also deleted?
Choose one:
a. userdel -m bob
b. userdel -u bob
c. userdel -l bob
d. userdel -r bob
Answer: d
The -r option is used with the userdel command to delete the user's
account and his home directory.
=====
95
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
The /etc/group file
All groups are defined in the /etc/group file. Each entry contains four
fields in the following order.
Choose one:
a. groupname, password, GID, member list
b. GID, groupname, password, member list
c. groupname, GID, password, member list
d. GID, member list, groupname, password
Answer: a
Each entry must contain four fields, groupname, password, GID, and
memberlist. Any empty fields must be defined by colons.
=====
96
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Working with groups
You need to create a new group called sales with Bob, Mary and Joe as
members. Which of the following would accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. Add the following line to the /etc/group file:
sales:44:bob,mary,joe
b. Issue the command groupadd sales.
c. Issue the command groupadd -a sales bob,mary,joe
d. Add the following line to the /etc/group file:
sales::44:bob,mary,joe
Answer: d
One of the quickest ways to create a new group is to edit the /etc/group
file adding the groupname, password, GID, and members.
=====
97
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Working with groups
What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
Answer: gpasswd -r
The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a
group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group.
=====
98
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Modifying and Deleting groups
You changed the GID of the sales group by editing the /etc/group file. All
of the members can change to the group without any problem except for
Joe. He cannot even login to the system. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. Joe forgot the password for the group.
b. You need to add Joe to the group again.
c. Joe had the original GID specified as his default group in the
/etc/passwd file.
d. You need to delete Joe's account and recreate it.
Answer: c
If a user has a GID listed that is not a valid group in the /etc/passwd
file, he will not be able to log into the system.
=====
99
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Modifying and Deleting Groups
You need to delete the group dataproject. Which two of the following
tasks should you do first before deleting the group?
A. Check the /etc/passwd file to make sure no one has this group as his
default group.
B. Change the members of the dataproject group to
another group besides users.
C. Make sure that the members listed in the /etc/group file are
given new login names.
D. Verify that no file or directory has this group listed as
its owner.
Choose one:
a. A and C
b. A and D
c. B and C
d. B and D
Answer: b
If you delete a group that is listed as a user's default group, then
that user will not be able to login. Any files or directories owned
by the deleted group may become inaccessible if you do not change the
group ownership.
=====
100
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
System groups
When you look at the /etc/group file you see the group kmem listed. Since
it does not own any files and no one is using it as a default group,
can you delete this group?
Type your answer:
Answer: no
The kmem group manages direct access to kernel memory and is necessary
for your system's health.
=====
101
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Implementing shadow passwords
When looking at the /etc/passwd file, you notice that all the password
fields contain 'x'. What does this mean?
Choose one:
a. That the password is encrypted.
b. That you are using shadow passwords.
c. That all passwords are blank.
d. That all passwords have expired.
Answer: b
The 'x' indicates that passwords are stored in the /etc/shadow file
rather than /etc/passwd.
=====
102
Obj 11.1
Chapter 7
Implementing Shadow Passwords
In order to improve your system's security you decide to implement shadow
passwords. What command should you use?
Answer: pwconv
The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords
to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file.
=====
103
Obj 11.2
Chapter 7
User Startup Files
What file contains the default environment variables when using the
bash shell?
Choose one:
a. ~/.profile
b. /bash
c. /etc/profile
d. ~/bash
Answer: c
The /etc/profile file contains the system default environment variables
for the bash shell.
=====
104
Obj 11.2
Chapter 7
User Startup Files
You have created a subdirectory of your home directory containing your
scripts. Since you use the bash shell, what file would you edit to put
this directory on your path?
Choose one:
a. ~/.profile
b. /etc/profile
c. /etc/bash
d. ~/.bash
Answer: a
To make changes to the path that will only effect you, add the new
directory to a path statement in the .profile file located in your
home directory.
=====
105
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
Partitions
You are creating new partitions in preparation for installing Linux. You
want to have five different partitions. You have successfully created four
partitions, but are unable to create the fifth one. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. Your hard drive is not large enough for more than four partitions.
b. You need to create the swap partition last.
c. You created four primary partitions.
d. Linux cannot be installed on more than four partitions.
Answer: c
Each hard drive can have no more than four primary partitions or
three primary and one extended partition. In order to install on five
partitions, you must create an extended partition and then create logical
drives contained in that partition.
=====
106
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
Interpreting Partition Names
You are installing Linux into a computer with two IDE hard drives. You
plan on dividing each hard drive into two partitions. What are the names
of the partitions?
Choose one:
a. hda1, hda2, hda3, hda4
b. hda1, hda2, hdb1, hdb2
c. sda1, sda2, sdb1, sdb2
d. sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4
Answer: b
The first letter of the partition names refers to the controller type:
'h' for ide and 's' for SCSI. The third letter refers to which disk: 'a'
for first, 'b' for second, etc., and the number refers to which partition:
'1' for first, '2' for second, etc.
=====
107
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
How many and what size?
What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
Answer: 2
Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain
all files and a swap partition.
=====
108
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
How many and what size?
The recommended minimum size of the swap partition is _____ MB?
Answer: 16
Normally, the swap partition should be twice the amount of the physical
RAM but at least 16 MB.
=====
109
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
How many and what size?
The maximum size of the swap partition is _______ MB.
Answer: 128
Although the maximum size for a swap partition is 128 MB, you can have
multiple swap partitions.
=====
110
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fips
You have a computer with Windows 95 installed and want to install Linux
on it. However, there is no free space available. How could you manage
to install Linux on this computer with the least amount of effort?
Choose one:
a. Use fips to resize the partition containing Windows 95.
b. Repartition the hard drive; reinstall Windows 95 and then install Linux
c. You cannot run Windows 95 and Linux on the same computer
d. Create a directory under Windows 95 and install Linux in that
directory.
Answer: a
The fips utility allows you to dynamically resize an existing
partition. You can then use the free space to install Linux
=====
111
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
You are partitioning your second SCSI hard drive. What command should
you use?
Choose one:
a. fdisk sda2
b. fdisk sdb
c. fdisk hdb
d. fdisk hda2
Answer: b
When using the fdisk command, you pass it the name of the drive you want
to partition. In this case, you are using the second SCSI disk or sdb.
=====
112
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
While using fdisk what command would you use to see the partition table?
Choose one:
a. w
b. m
c. w
d. p
Answer: d
The p command will print out the partition table.
=====
113
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
What type would you set on a partition to make it a swap partition?
Choose one:
a. 82
b. 83
c. s
d. swap
Answer: a
The swap partition must be of type 82 in order for Linux to be able to
use it as a swap partition.
=====
114
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
You have a new, empty hard drive that you will use for Linux. What is
the first step you use.
Choose one:
a. Create an extended partition to be used for data.
b. Format the hard drive to use the ext2 filesystem.
c. Create a swap partition of type 82.
d. Create a primary partition using fdisk.
Answer: d
You must always first create a primary partition. Operating systems,
including Linux, can only be booted from a primary partition.
=====
115
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
You have created a primary partition, a swap partition and an extended
partition. You can format the primary partition but when you try to
format the extended partition it fails. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. You should have created another primary partition instead of an
extended
partition.
b. Your syntax is wrong for the format command when attempting to
format the extended partition.
c. You cannot format an extended partition.
d. You have to use the fdformat command to format extended partitions.
Answer: c
You cannot format an extended partition. Rather you must create one or
more logical drives within the extended partition before formating.
=====
116
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
fdisk
When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by
defining the starting and ending _____________.
Answer: cylinders
When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting
cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder.
=====
117
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
The Linux Filesystem
In order to apply a filesystem to your new partitions you must format
them. What command would you use to create the ext2 filesystem?
Answer: mkfs
The mkfs command creates the new filesystem on your partition.
=====
118
Obj 4.1
Chapter 3
format
When formating your partition with the mkfs command, you must also pass
to the
command the type of filesystem and the number of __________?
Answer: blocks
When formating your partition using the mkfs utility, you must specify
what filesystem type to apply and the number of blocks contained in
the partition.
=====
119
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
Filesystem organization
You have new documentation that you wish to install so that it will be
available to your users. Which directory would be the most appropriate
to use for these files?
Choose one:
a. /tmp
b. /usr
c. /lib
d. /mnt
Answer: b
Documentation is customarily installed in one of the subdirectories
under /usr.
=====
120
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
inodes
Each inode contains extensive information on a file. Which of the
following is not contained in the inode.
Choose one:
a. file size
b. filename
c. file's owner
d. number of links to the file
Answer: b
The filename is not contained in the inode. Rather, it points to the
file's physical location.
=====
121
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
File Types
When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting
display represents the file's ___________.
Answer: type
The first character of the permission block designates the type of file
that is being displayed.
=====
122
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
Keeping your disks healthy
What command should you use to check your filesystem?
Answer: fsck
The fsck command is used to check the integrity of the filesystem on
your disk.
=====
123
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
fsck
In order to run fsck on the root partition, the root partition must be
mounted as ______________.
Answer: readonly
You cannot run fsck on a partition that is mounted as read-write.
=====
124
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
fsck
You cannot mount /dev/hdb1 and suspect that the superblock is bad. How
do you fix this?
Choose one:
a. Use the mkfs command.
b. Use the fsck command with the -f option.
c. Use the e2fsck to replace the superblock with a copy saved to another
location on your disk.
d. Restore the superblock from your tape backup.
Answer: c
The e2fsck command can be used to copy one of the copies of the superblock
to the first block on the partition.
=====
125
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
Disk Usage
Why should you track the amount of free space on your disks?
Choose one:
a. If there is no free space, you will not be able to write to that
filesystem.
b. If there is no free space, you will not be able to install new
applications.
c. If the amount of free space becomes less than 50 percent, then your
system will slow down.
d. If the amount of free space is too low, your system will not boot.
Answer: a
You must have free space in order to write to the filesystem.
=====
126
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
du
You want to know how much space is being occupied by your user's
home directories. Which of the following will provide you with this
information?
Choose one:
a. du -l /home
b. du -b /home
c. du -m /home
d. du -c /home
Answer: d
Using the -c option with the du command will show the grand total of
used space for the designated directory.
=====
127
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
df
You also need to know the amount of free space on the partition containing
the users' home directories. Which of the following commands will provide
this information?
Choose one:
a. df /home
b. df -i /home
c. df --sync
d. df -T
Answer: a
The df command reports on the amount of used and free space of the
partition containing the designated directory.
=====
128
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
Disk Usage
You notice that the amount of free space is getting low. When you check
the contents of the /tmp directory you find several hundred files so
you delete them. After deleting these temp files, you check the amount
of free space, however, it has not increased. What should you do?
Choose one:
a. Move the /tmp directory to another partition.
b. Delete the partition containing the /tmp directory, recreate it and
restore its contents.
c. Delete the /tmp directory and recreate it.
d. Run fsck on the filesystem containing the /tmp directory.
Answer: c
Directories will grow in size but they do not shrink. If a directory
becomes too large, the only way to shrink it is to delete it then
recreate it.
=====
129
Obj 4.2
Chapter 3
Disk Usage
You have the /var directory on its own partition. You have run out of
space. What should you do?
Question
Choose one:
a. Reconfigure your system to not write to the log files.
b. Use fips to enlarge the partition.
c. Delete all the log files.
d. Delete the partition and recreate it with a larger size.
Answer: d
The only way to enlarge a partition is to delete it and recreate it. You
will then have to restore the necessary files from backup.
=====
130
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
Starting Linux
You can start Linux in many different ways. Which of the following is
not one of these?
Choose one:
a. Type linux from a DOS prompt under Windows 95.
b. Using a boot loader such as LILO
c. From a floppy disk
d. Type linux single at the boot: prompt.
Answer: a
Linux will not run as a program under Windows 95.
=====
131
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
Starting Linux
When the kernel is loading, it writes any messages to the ____________
file.
Answer: /var/log/messages
The messages file in the /var/log directory is used by the kernel to
record all boot messages.
=====
132
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
Starting Linux
What command can you use to see the boot messages?
Choose one:
a. dmesg
b. cat kernel.messages
c. logview
d. man logs
Answer: a
The dmesg command will display the messages from the kernel that were
recorded in /var/log/messages.
=====
133
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
The init Daemon
After the kernel is loaded, it calls the _________ daemon which is
responsible for creating new processes.
Choose one:
a. inittab
b. sys.conf
c. init
d. syslog
Answer: c
The init daemon is responsible for creating processes. It is called by
the kernel at the end of loading.
=====
134
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
The /etc/inittab file
Each entry in the /etc/inittab file contains four fields the third of
which is the Action field. What is the purpose of this field?
Choose one:
a. Identifies the entry
b. Specifies the command to execute
c. Defines how to handle the entry.
d. Defines which runlevels this line applies to.
Answer: c
The Action field defines how to handle the entry such as whether to
respawn the process if it is stopped.
=====
135
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
What file should you examine to determine the defined runlevels for
your system?
Answer: /etc/inittab
Although runlevels are defined differently from one distribution to
another, they are defined in the /etc/inittab file.
=====
136
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
How does single user mode differ from other runlevels?
Choose one:
a. init does not read the /etc/inittab file
b. Users can only log into the system across the network.
c. Network services are disabled.
d. All processes are stopped and the root filesystem is mounted as
read-only when in single user mode.
Answer: a
When starting Linux in single user mode, init does not read the
/etc/inittab file. Rather, init runs /bin/su and you are logged in
as root.
=====
137
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
What should you type to change the runlevel of your system?
Choose one:
a. init [runlevel]
b. halt [runlevel]
c. /etc/inittab
d. sys init [runlevel]
Answer: a
You can change the runlevel by using either the init or telinit command
and specifying the desired runlevel.
=====
138
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
Where are the startup scripts defined?
Choose one:
a. /etc/initd
b. /etc/scripts
c. /etc/start
d. /etc/inittab
Answer: d
The /etc/inittab defines which start up scripts to run at each runlevel.
=====
139
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
Which of the following tasks is not controlled by one of the rc startup
scripts?
Choose one:
a. backup users' directories
b. run fsck
c. mount filesystems
d. load modules
Answer: a
The rc scripts accomplish many start up tasks such as checking your
filesystems by running fsck, mounting the filesystems, and loading
modules.
=====
140
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
Modules are pieces of kernel code that you can load or unload. What file
do you use to pass parameters to a module?
Choose one:
a. /etc/conf.mod
b. /etc/modules
c. /etc/inittab
d. /etc/conf.modules
Answer: d
The /etc/conf.modules file is used to pass parameters to any loaded
modules. This is ofter I/O addresses or IRQs for devices loaded by
the modules.
=====
141
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
You have installed a new UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) and the
powerd daemon. Which file should you use to define the steps to be taken
in the case of a power failure?
Choose one:
a. /etc/ups.conf
b. /etc/inittab
c. /etc/power.conf
d. /etc/conf.ups
Answer: b
The /etc/inittab file is used to define what to do in the case of a power
failure. Usually, you have init shutdown the system after a short period
of time.
=====
142
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Runlevels
You have made changes to the /etc/inittab file after installing your
UPS. How do you institute these configuration changes without having to
reboot your computer or have your users log off?
Choose one:
a. Issue the command source /etc/inittab.
b. Change the runlevel to single user mode.
c. Issue the init q command.
d. The init daemon only reads its configuration file during boot.
Answer: c
When you issue the init q command, it stops init, however, when you stop,
init it restarts again. When init restarts it will read its configuration
file and the changes you made will be implemented.
=====
143
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
Which of the following statements is not true of LILO?
Choose one:
a. It can be used on a floppy to boot Linux.
b. It must replace the master boot record on your hard drive.
c. It will work with other operating systems such as DOS and Windows.
d. It can specify up to 16 different boot images.
Answer: b
LILO will load Linux whether it is booted from the hard drive or a boot
floppy, therefore it does not have to replace the master boot record.
=====
144
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
You boot your system using LILO. Although you have four different boot
images on your system, you cannot remember what you named them and you
do not want to boot your default image. What should you do?
Choose one:
a. At the boot: prompt, press the Alt key.
b. Hold the shift key down when booting until you get a prompt.
c. At the boot: prompt, press the Tab key.
d. You have to boot your default image and then look at the configuration
file.
Answer: c
At the boot: prompt, you can type either Tab or a question mark (?) and
LILO will display the names of the available boot images.
=====
145
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
You have made changes to the LILO configuration file but you are not sure
the changes will work. How can you test the new configuration without
installing it?
Choose one:
a. LILO -t
b. LILO -c filename
c. LILO -s filename
d. LILO
Answer: a
If you call LILO with the -t option, it will test your configuration
without installing it.
=====
146
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
What is the complete name of the default configuration file for LILO?
Answer: /etc/lilo.conf
The default configuration file for LILO is /etc/lilo.conf. You can use
another file by using the -C option along with the name of the file.
=====
147
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
Part of your /etc/lilo.conf file is as follows:
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.0.36.0.7
label=linux
root=/dev/dha1
You would like to start in single user mode but you do not get a boot:
prompt. What changes should you make to the /etc/lilo.conf file to make
a prompt appear everytime you boot your system?
Choose one:
a. Add a line containing prompt.
b. Add a line containing a timeout.
c. Add a line containing prompt=30
d. Change the label to boot: instead of linux.
Answer: a
If you add a line containing prompt, then LILO will display the boot:
prompt. You would also want to add a line specifying how long to wait
until the default boot image is loaded.
=====
148
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
You changed /etc/lilo.conf to cause a boot: prompt to show, however,
when you restart your computer you still do not have a prompt. What
should you do?
Choose one:
a. Rename your configuration file to /etc/lilo.conf.new.
b. Install the configuration changes by issuing the command /sbin/lilo
c. Install the configuration changes by issuing the command /sbin/lilo -t
d. Install the configuration changes by issuing the command /sbin/lilo -u
Answer: b
You have to reinstall LILO in order for any configuration changes to
take effect. This is done by running /sbin/lilo without any options.
=====
149
Obj 6.1
Chapter 2
LILO
When booting your system after installing LILO you see LIL and then
nothing happens. What could be the problem.
Choose one:
a. LILO loaded successfully but the kernel is corrupt.
b. LILO is not installed properly.
c. LILO could only complete the first stage, usually a geometry mismatch.
d. LILO could not load the map file, usually media failure.
Answer: d
The LIL indicates that the first and second stages completed but it
cannot load the map file. This is most frequently a media failure.
=====
150
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Shutting down Linux
You are going to install a new hard disk in your system. Which of the
following commands will halt your system so you can install the new
hardware?
Choose one:
a. shutdown -k now
b. shutdown -h now
c. shutdown -r now
d. shutdown -t now
Answer: b
When using the shutdown command, you must specify when shutdown is
to run. The -h option instructs shutdown to halt the system after the
shutdown process is completed.
=====
151
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Shutting down Linux
You have a technician who will come in after hours to install new hardware
in your system. You do not want to give him the root password, but he
needs to be able to shutdown the system. How can you accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. You cannot do this; only root can run the shutdown command.
b. Add his username to the /etc/shutdown.conf file.
c. Add his username to the /etc/shutdown.allow file.
d. Give him the root password and change it when you arrive the next
morning.
Answer: c
Any user who is listed in the /etc/shutdown.allow file will be able to
run the shutdown command without being root.
=====
152
Obj 6.2
Chapter 2
Shutting down Linux
You are going to reboot your system but want to warn your users to log
off. Which of the following commands will send a message to the users.
Choose one:
a. init
b. halt
c. reboot
d. shutdown
Answer: d
The shutdown command will send a warning message to your users before
bringing the system down. Neither the reboot or halt command send messages
before stopping the system.
=====
153
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
man Pages
You want to review the man page on the files used to control hosts access,
however, when you enter man hosts_access you get the man page for the
routines used to programaticlly manipulate access. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. The page you are looking for does not exist on your system.
b. The page you are looking for resides in a directory that is searched
later.
c. You typed the name of the page incorrectly.
d. The installation of man pages on your system is corrupt.
Answer: b
Each section is searched in order and the first page that matches your
query is displayed. Use man -k to see all pages that meet your criteria.
=====
154
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
man Pages
You want to find how to set the manpath variable so you type man man. What
would you type while displaying the page to find the location where
manpath is discussed?
Choose one:
a. grep manpath
b. find manpath
c. /manpath
d. locate manpath
Answer: c
In order to search the contents of a displayed man page, you first type
'/' and then the pattern you wish to search for.
=====
155
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
man Pages
You wish to find the man page that discusses how to change a password. You
type man password but get the message that no manual entry for password
exists. What command will find the appropriate page?
Choose one:
a. man -C password
b. man -k password
c. man -c password
d. man -q password
Answer: b
Using the -k option with the man command will cause man to search the
short description of each page for the requested string.
=====
156
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
man Pages
You have installed an additional set of man pages but in Spanish. You
have one user who wishes to use the Spanish pages rather than English
ones. What should you do to accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. Edit the man.config file located in that user's home directory.
b. Instruct the user in how to reset the MANPATH variable whenever he
logs in.
c. Edit the .profile file located in that user's home directory.
d. You can only have one version of man pages installed on your system
at a time.
Answer: c
You can set the MANPATH variable for a specific user by editing the
.profile file in that user's home directory.
=====
157
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
info
You know that the info utility provides easier to understand documentation
but you have never used it. How can you access a tutorial on using info?
Choose one:
a. man info
b. info
c. info info
d. info help
Answer: c
If you type info info you are presented with a tutorial covering how to
use the info program.
=====
158
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
HOWTOs
There is considerable documentation covering various tasks provided as
HOWTOs. These documents are normally installed in which directory.
Choose one:
a. /etc/HOWTO
b. /usr/doc/HOWTO
c. /usr/HOWTO
d. /usr/lib/HOWTO
Answer: b
The HOWTO documents are installed in the /usr/doc/HOWTO directory
by default.
=====
159
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
FAQ
What does FAQ stand for?
Answer: frequently asked questions
FAQ's are written in question and answer format. They are intended to
be used in conjunction with the HOWTOs.
=====
160
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
Program documentation
When you install a new application, documentation on that application
is also usually installed. Where would you look for the documentation
after installing an application called MyApp?
Choose one:
a. /usr/MyApp
b. /lib/doc/MyApp
c. /usr/doc/MyApp
d. In the same directory where the application is installed.
Answer: c
The default location for application documentation is in a directory
named for the application in the /usr/doc directory.
=====
161
Obj 8.2
Chapter 1
Internet Resources
You need to update your HOWTOs. Where should you go to acquire the
latest versions?
Choose one:
a. Linux Mall and order a new CD.
b. Your local Linux Users Group should have a copy.
c. The web site for your distribution.
d. Linux Documentation Project
Answer: d
The Linux Documentation Project's web site maintains links to all the
HOWTOs and where to get the latest version.
=====
162
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
Newsgroups
You have a problem installing an older CD-ROM drive on one of your
Linux servers. You have checked the HOWTOs and FAQs but have not found
your answer. Where could you go to search the newsgroups to look for
a solution?
Choose one:
a. http://www.deja.com
b. http://www.news.com
c. http://www.linux-help.com
d. http://www.lug.com
Answer: a
The Deja News site provides the ability to search any and all Usenet
newsgroups. Frequently, when you have a problem, someone else has
discussed the solution.
=====
163
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
whereis
The whereis command is helpful in finding the location of a command as
well as its related man page. What is the disadvantage of using it?
Choose one:
a. Since it searches the entire directory tree, the whereis command can
take an excessive amount of time.
b. The whereis command will not find source files located on your system.
c. You have to update the whereis database in order to keep it current.
d. The whereis command only searches known directories that are hard
coded into the command.
Answer: d
The whereis command only searches those known directories that are hard
coded into the command itself.
=====
164
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
which
You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command
is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to
determine the location of the command being run?
Type your answer:
Answer: which
The which command searches your path until it finds a command that
matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path.
=====
165
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
whatis
You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it
does. What command can you use to determine its purpose.
Answer: whatis
The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the
specified command.
=====
166
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
whatis
What command must you run to update the database used by the whatis
command?
Choose one:
a. makewhatis
b. updatedb
c. make whatisdb
d. The database is updated automatically.
Answer: a
The makewhatis command will create the whatis database if it does not
exist or update it if it does exist.
=====
167
Obj 8.1
Chapter 1
apropos
What does the apropos command do?
Choose one:
a. It is the same as the man -f command.
b. It is the same as the man -K command.
c. It searches the short descriptions from the man pages.
d. It uses the locatedb database to answer your query.
Answer: c
The apropos command searches the short description of the man pages. It
is the same as the man -k command.
=====
168
Obj 8.3
Chapter 1
Writing documentation
Which of the following items would not be important for you to record
in your system documentation.
Choose one:
a. Any kernel patches you might apply.
b. Applications that are installed.
c. When did each user log on last.
d. What problems with the system you have had.
Answer: c
The last login time of each of your users will change too frequently to
record in the system log. In addition, it does not effect your system's
performance.
=====
169
Obj 8.4
Chapter 1
User Support
Which of the following would improve your ability to provide user support?
Choose one:
a. Create a directory containing instructions for using all installed
applications.
b. Email your user's your office hours.
c. Whenever a user has a problem, fix it and leave.
d. Use as much technical language as possible when explaining what
went wrong.
Answer: a
Written instructions are helpful to reinforce any explanations you have
given. In addition, the users can refer to these documents if they later
have questions.
=====
170
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
cd
Which of the following commands will make your home directory your
working directory.
Choose one:
a. cd
b. cd home
c. cd ..
d. cd home/username
Answer: a
Issuing the cd command without any arguments will place you in your home
directory no matter what your location is when you issue it.
=====
171
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
ls
Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home
directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
Choose one:
a. ls -c home
b. ls -aR /home/username
c. ls -aF /home/username
d. ls -l /home/username
Answer: b
The ls command is used to display a listing of files. The -a option
will cause hidden files to be displayed as well. The -R option causes
ls to recurse down the directory tree. All of this starts at your home
directory.
=====
172
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
ls
What command should you type to see all the files with an extension of
'mem' listed in reverse alphabetical order in the /home/ben/memos
directory.
Answer: ls -r /home/ben/memos/*.mem
The -c option used with ls results in the files being listed in
chronological order. You can use wildcards with the ls command to specify
a pattern of filenames.
=====
173
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
file
You have three files in the /home/ben/memos directory called letters,
tom, betty. How could you determine each file's type by issuing only
one command?
Answer: file letters tom betty
The file utility will display the file's type for each filename that is
passed as an argument.
=====
174
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
cat
Which of the following commands will combine the contents of the files
tom and betty into a new file called friends?
Choose one:
a. ls tom betty > friends
b. cat tom betty > friends
c. more tom betty >> friends
d. cat tom; cat betty > friends
Answer: b
The cat command displays the contents of one or more files. This output
can be redirected to another file, as in this case, the contents of the
files tom and betty are written to the file friends.
=====
175
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
cat
Which of the following cannot be accomplished with the cat command?
Choose one:
a. Create a new file
b. Display the contents of a file
c. Append information to another file
d. Change the contents of a file
Answer: d
The cat command is used to create new files as well as display the
contents of files. You can redirect the output from the cat command to
have it written to another file.
=====
176
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
more and less
Which of the following commands will display a file one screen at a time?
Choose one:
a. less
b. page
c. tr
d. cat
Answer: a
The less pager will display a file one screen at a time. You can also
navigate through the file and do searches.
=====
177
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
head and tail
You are debugging a new application that is crashing. You want to watch
the messages as they are being written to the log. What command should
you use?
Choose one:
a. tail
b. head
c. less
d. log
Answer: a
The tail command allows you to keep a log open and see each new message
as it is written to the log.
=====
178
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
touch
Which of the following tasks cannot be accomplished with the touch
command?
Choose one:
a. Create a new file
b. Change a file's modification time
c. Change a file's access time
d. Change a file's creation time
Answer: d
The touch command is usually used to modify either a file's access or
modification time. It can also be used to create a new file.
=====
179
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
cp
You want to copy the user's home directories to a new location. Which
of the following commands will accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. cp -rP /home/* newdir
b. cp -i /home/* newdir
c. cp -iv /home/* newdir
d. cp -b /home/* newdir
Answer: a
The -r option tells the cp command to recurse the directories. The -P
option retains the original permissions.
=====
180
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
dd
You read an article that lists the following command:
dd if=/dev/fd0 bs=512 of=/new
What does this accomplish?
Choose one:
a. It copies the contents of a floppy disk to a file called new.
b. It copies the file new to a floppy disk.
c. It formats a floppy
d. It erases a floppy
Answer: a
The dd command is a special copy command often used for floppy disks and
tapes. The if= option specifies the source; the bs= is the block size;
and the of= option is the output.
=====
181
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
mv
You have a directory called /home/ben/memos and want to move it to
/home/bob/memos so you issue the command
mv /home/ben/memos /home/bob
What is the results of this action?
Choose one:
a. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory
/home/bob/memos/memos.
b. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory
/home/bob/memos.
c. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory
/home/bob/.
d. The command fails since a directory called memos already exists in
the target directory.
Answer: a
When using the mv command to move a directory, if a directory of the
same name exists then a subdirectory is created for the files to be moved.
=====
182
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
rm
You attempt to delete a file called sales.mem using the rm command but
the command fails. What could be the problem?
Choose one:
a. You do not have delete rights to the file called sales.mem.
b. You need to use the -i option with rm to delete a file.
c. You do not have write rights to the directory containing the sales.mem
file.
d. You are not the owner of the file sales.mem.
Answer: c
In order to delete a file, you must have write rights to the directory
containing the file.
=====
183
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
mkdir
You need to create two new directories in your home directory. The
first one is called /home/bob/letters and the second one is
/home/bob/letters/sales. Which of the following command lines should
you use?
Choose one:
a. mkdir /home/bob/letters/sales
b. mkdir letters; mkdir sales
c. mkdir letters/sales
d. mkdir home/bob/letters/sales
Answer: a
The mkdir command can create parent and child directories in a single
step so this command line will create the new directory letters in your
home directory and also create the sales directory as a subdirectory of
the new directory letters.
=====
184
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
rmdir
You want to delete the following directories and their files
/home/bob/letters
/home/bob/sales
so you issue the command rmdir /home/bob/letters but the command
fails. What went wrong?
Choose one:
a. You need to first delete the sales subdirectory and its files before
deleting its parent directory, letters, and its files.
b. There is no such command as rmdir.
c. The rmdir command cannot remove directories that are not empty.
d. The rmdir command will not remove directory heirarchies.
Answer: c
The rmdir command can only delete empty directories. If you use the
-p option, it can also remove the directory heirarchy as long as all
directories are empty.
=====
185
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
Regular Expressions
You want to construct a regular expression that will match all lines
that end with 'stuff'. Which of the following expressions will do this?
Choose one:
a. ^stuff
b. stuff$
c. $stuff
d. stuff^
Answer: b
Using pattern$ will match to lines ending in the specified pattern.
=====
186
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
Regular expressions
You want to search for sale and sales. What regular expression should
you use?
Choose one:
a. sale*
b. sale?
c. ^sale
d. sale$
Answer: a
Use the asterick (*) to match to zero or more characters. The '?' matches
to any one character so sale? would not find sale.
=====
187
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
grep
You have a file named 'kickoff' and would like to find every line
beginning with a number. Which of the following commands will accomplish
this?
Choose one:
a. grep [0-9] kickoff
b. grep ^[0-9] kickoff
c. grep [0-9]$ kickoff
d. grep $[0-9] kickoff
Answer: b
The command grep ^[0-9] kickoff will cause grep to search the file
kickoff for any line beginning with a digit.
=====
188
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
grep
You want to know how many lines in the kickoff file contains
'prize'. Which of the following commands will produce the desired results?
Choose one:
a. grep -n prize kickoff
b. grep -c prize kickoff
c. grep -v prize kickoff
d. grep prize kickoff
Answer: b
Using the -c option with the grep command will show the total number of
lines containing the specified pattern rather than displaying the lines
containing the pattern.
=====
189
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
grep
You search for the word prize in the file kickoff by typing grep prize
kickoff. However you also find lines containing prize as part of a word
such as prizes but do not find Prize. How should you change the command
to find all occurrences of prize as a word and not part of a word?
Choose one:
a. grep -lc prize kickoff
b. grep -cw prize kickoff
c. grep -vi prize kickoff
d. grep -iw prize kickoff
Answer: d
The -i option causes grep to ignore case and find the pattern irrespective
of capitalization. The -w option finds the pattern as a whole word only
and not as part of a word.
=====
190
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
sed
You want to verify which lines in the file kickoff contain 'Bob'. Which
of the following commands will accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. sed -n /Bob/p kickoff
b. sed /Bob/p kickoff
c. sed -n 'Bob p' kickoff
d. sed /Bob/ kickoff
Answer: a
The -n option when used with sed prints only the lines containing the
pattern. In this case, the pattern is 'Bob' and the file to be searched
is kickoff.
=====
191
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
Compressing and Uncompressing Files
You are using tar to create a tarfile of the files contained in the
/home/bob/memos directory. After making the /home/bob/memos directory your
working directory, which of the following commands will create the file?
Choose one:
a. tar cf memos.tar .
b. tar xf memos.tar .
c. tar cf memos.tar /home/bob/memos
d. tar xf memos.tar /home/bob/memos
Answer: a
The c option with tar means to create the tarfile and the f option is
used to supply the name for the new tarfile.
=====
192
Obj 3.3
Chapter 4
gzip
You created a tarfile called myfiles.tar containing copies of all the
files in your home directory. In order to save space you compress this
file using gzip. After completing the operation, you do a listing of
the contents of the directory to see how much smaller the compressed
file is. How can you use the information from the listing to determine
the percentage of compression?
Choose one:
a. Only the compressed file will be listed and not the tarfile.
b. Divide the reported size of the tarfile by the reported size of the
compressed file.
c. Neither the tarfile nor the compressed file are listed as they are
both moved to another directory by default.
d. Divide the reported size of the compressed file by the reported size
of the tarfile.
Answer: a
When you use gzip to compress a file, the original file is deleted,
leaving only the compressed file.
=====
193
Obj 3.7
Chapter 4
compress
You have a file called docs.Z but do not know what it is. What is the
easiest way to look at the contents of the file?
Choose one:
a. Use zcat to display its contents.
b. Use uncompress to expand the file and then use emacs to display the
files contents.
c. Copy the file to a floppy disk and uncompress it under Windows.
d. Use tar -xt to display the file's contents.
Answer: a
The .Z extension indicates that this is a file that has been compressed
using the compress utility. The zcat utility provides the ability to
display the contents of a compressed file.
=====
194
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
Mounting filesystems
You issue the command mount without any options and the following output
is displayed
/dev/hda1 on / type ext2 (rw)
none on /proc type proc (rw)
/dev/hda9 on /home type ext2 (rw)
/dev/hda7 on /tmp type ext2 (rw)
/dev/hda5 on /usr type ext2 (rw)
/dev/hda6 on /var type ext2 (rw)
What does this output mean?
Choose one:
a. This is a listing of all the available filesystems that may be mounted
on your system and is taken from the /etc/fstab file.
b. This is a listing of all the mounted filesystems on your system and
is taken from the /etc/mtab file.
c. This is a listing of all the available filesystems that may be mounted
on your system and is taken from the /etc/mtab file.
d. This is a listing of all the mounted filesystems on your system and
is taken from the /etc/fstab file.
Answer: b
When you issue the mount command without any arguments, it displays a
list of all mounted filesystems. This information is obtained from the
/etc/mtab file.
=====
195
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
Mounting filesystems
You have a new application on a CD-ROM that you wish to install. What
should your first step be?
Choose one:
a. Read the installation instructions on the CD-ROM.
b. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-write.
c. Use the umount command to access your CD-ROM.
d. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-only.
Answer: d
Before you can read any of the files contained on the CD-ROM, you must
first mount the CD-ROM.
=====
196
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
Mounting Filesystems
You want to make it possible for your users to mount floppy disks. What
do you need to do?
Choose one:
a. Tell your users the password for root as floppies can only be mounted
by root.
b. Edit the mtab file and add the user option on the floppy entry.
c. Edit the fstab file and add the ro option on the floppy entry.
d. Edit the fstab file and add the user option on the floppy entry.
Answer: d
If you add the user option to the line in the fstab file that defines
how to mount your CD-ROM, then your users will be able to mount it.
=====
197
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
Mounting filesystems
You use the mount -a command to mount all your filesystems, however,
you cannot access your CD-ROM. What could be the problem?
Choose one:
a. The CD-ROM is not defined in the fstab file.
b. The CD-ROM cannot be mounted using the mount -a command.
c. The command mount -a is not a valid command.
d. The correct syntax to mount all filesystems is mount fstab.
Answer: a
The mount -a command will mount only the filesystems defined in the
fstab file.
=====
198
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
The /proc filesystem
What is contained in the directory /proc?
Choose one:
a. System information
b. Administrative procedures
c. Boot procedures
d. Documentation on your system
Answer: a
The /proc directory is a virtual filesystem that contains system
information.
=====
199
Obj 4.3
Chapter 6
umount
After copying a file to a floppy disk, what should you do before removing
the disk?
Answer: unmount the floppy
If you do not unmount the floppy before removing it, the files on the
floppy may become corrupted.
=====
200
Obj 4.4
Chapter 6
Disk Quotas
One of your users calls to tell you that he cannot save a new file he
has created in his home directory. You check his disk quota and find
that he is using less than 50 percent of the space he is allotted. What
could be the problem?
Choose one:
a. He is presently a member of a group that has exceeded its disk
space quota.
b. He has not named the file correctly.
c. The system is corrupt.
d. He needs to specify the absolute path when naming the file.
Answer: a
If the user's default group has exceeded its disk quota, he will not be
able to create a new file although his personal quota has not be exceeded.
=====
201
Obj 4.4
Chapter 6
You have set quotas for all your users but half of your users are using
more space than they have been allotted. Which of the following could
be the problem?
Question
Choose one:
a. You have too many users on your system.
b. Users' home directories are located on two different partitions.
c. Your kernel does not support setting disk quotas.
d. You did not turn quotas on with the quotaon command.
Answer: b
Quotas are set on a partition by partition basis. If your users have
home directories on different partitions, you will need to configure
quotas for each partition.
=====
202
Obj 4.4
Chapter 6
Disk quotas
What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space
used and each user's defined quotas?
Type your answer:
Answer: repquota
The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the
quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount
of used space.
=====
203
Obj 4.7
Chapter 6
Links
You have a large spreadsheet located in the /data directory that five
different people need to be able to change. How can you enable each user
to edit the spreadsheet from their individual home directories?
Choose one:
a. Create a symbolic link in the /data directory.
b. Copy the spreadsheet to each user's home directory.
c. Create a hard link in each user's home directory.
d. Create a script to move the spreadsheet to which ever user's home
directory who needs to edit it.
Answer: c
By creating a link to the file in each user's home directory, each user
is able to easily open and edit the spreadsheet. Also, any changes that
are made are seen by all the users with access.
=====
204
Obj 4.7
Chapter 6
Links
You have a file called salesdata and create symbolic links to it in
bob's home directory. Bob calls you and says that his link no longer
works. How can you fix the link?
Choose one:
a. The file salesdata has been deleted. You will have to restore it from
a backup.
b. You will need to delete the symbolic link in bob's directory and
recreate it.
c. Rename the link in bob's directory to salesdata.lnk.
d. Change the owner of the link in bob's directory and change the
permissions to give others read and write permissions.
Answer: a
Because the link in bob's directory is a symbolic link, if the file
salesdata in the /data directory is deleted, the symbolic link will no
longer work.
=====
205
Obj 4.7
Chapter 6
Links
You have two files in two different directories with the same inode. What
type of link is involved?
Answer: hard
Hard links all have the same inode number, unlike symbolic links.
=====
206
Obj 4.7
Chapter 6
Links
You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob's home directory
so you issue the command
ln /data /home/bob/datalink
but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line
to be successful.
Answer: Use the -F option
In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option.
=====
207
Obj 4.8
Chapter 6
find
You need to locate a file called salesdata that one of your user's
created in his home directory but you do not know which one. How could
you use the find command to locate this file?
Answer: find /home -name salesdata
When using the find command to locate a file by name you must specify
the starting place in the directory heirarchy and the -name option to
specify the file to search for.
=====
208
Obj 4.8
Chapter 6
locate
How does the locate and find commands differ in their method of searching?
Choose one:
a. locate uses the locatedb database and find searches the directory tree.
b. find uses the finddb database and locate searches the directory tree.
c. find searches the directory tree and the locate command only searches
known directories.
d. Both locate and find searches the directory tree.
Answer: a
The locate command searches the locatedb database while the find command
searches the directory tree.
=====
209
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Permissions
You issue the command ls -l memos and get the following output
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bob users 17249 Sep 7 10:08 accounting
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bob users 7202 Sep 17 9:10
administration
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root users 13367 Sep 1 12:58 humres
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bob users 9449 Sep 22 7:34 sales
Bob opens the humres file and makes changes, however, he is unable to
save the file after making changes. What is the problem?
Choose one:
a. Bob is not a member of the users group and only has read access.
b. Bob's quota has been exceeded.
c. Only the owner of a file can make changes to it.
d. The file humres is corrupted and he needs to save his changes to
another file.
Answer: a
Only the owner, root, and the group, users, have the permission to write
to the file. Therefore, Bob must not be a member of the users group.
=====
210
Obj 4.6
Chapter 9
Changing the Owner
You copy a file to Bob's home directory that Bob needs to revise. However,
when Bob attempts to open the file he is unsuccessful. What command do
you need to use to give Bob ownershiop of the file?
Answer: chown
The chown command can be used by root to give ownership of a file to
any user.
=====
211
Obj 4.6
Chapter 9
Changing the Group
Bob has created a new directory that will contain files that he and
seven other users will be using for a new project. These eight users are
the only members of the kickoff group. What does Bob need to do to give
these users access to these files.
Choose one:
a. Change the group on the new directory to kickoff using the chgrp
command.
b. Make each of the other seven users the owner of the files as they
are created.
c. Give the others group the read and write permission to the directory.
d. Place the files in the ftp directory so each user can copy them to
his own home directory.
Answer: a
If Bob changes the group associated with the new directory to the kickoff
group, then each member of the group can create and edit files in that
directory.
=====
212
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Directory Access
A listing of the /data directory shows
drw-rw-r-- 1 root accounting 17249 Sep 7 10:08 accounting
drw-rw-r-- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10
administration
drw-rw-r-- 1 root humres 13367 Sep 1 12:58 humres
drw-rw-r-- 1 root sales 9449 Sep 22 7:34 sales
George, who is a member of the admin group, attempts to delete a file
contained in the humres directory but is unsuccessful. What do you and
George need to do to allow George to delete files in this directory?
Choose one:
a. You need to add George to the humres group then George needs to make
the humres group his default group.
b. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file to show the humres group as
George's default group.
c. Give George ownership of the humres directory.
d. George needs to give you a list of files to be deleted and then you
should delete them.
Answer: a
In order to delete a file, you must have the write permission to the
directory containing the file. By making George a member of the humres
group, he would then have write permission to the directory after he
makes the humres group his default group.
=====
213
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Permissions
You have a file called administration with the following attributes
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10 administration
George is a member of the admin group and Bob is a member of the sales
group. Both George and Bob need to make changes to this file. What
permissions do George and Bob have to the file?
Choose one:
a. George has read and write permissions and Bob has read permission.
b. Bob has read and write permissions and George has read permission.
c. Both George and Bob have read and write permissions.
d. Both George and Bob have read permission only.
Answer: a
Since George is a member of the admin group, he inherits the permissions
of that group which are read and write. Bob is neither the owner of
the file or a member of the admin group, therefore, he only gets read
permission.
=====
214
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Changing Permissions
You copy the administration directory to George's home directory.
-rw-rw--w- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10
administration
The only group that George is a member of is users. He calls you to say
he cannot list the contents of the administration directory. Why can't
he look at its contents since it is in his home directory?
Choose one:
a. In order to view the contents of a directory, you must have read
permission. George only has write permission.
b. Only the owner of a directory can list its contents.
c. George needs to change his default group to admin.
d. George needs to make himself the owner of the administration directory.
Answer: a
George only has the permissions granted to others which in this case is
write. Without the read permission on the directory, he will not be able
to list its contents.
=====
215
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Changing Permissions
You have a directory with the following permissions
drw-rw--w- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10 administration
and need to give everyone except root read only access to it. Which of
the following commands will accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. chmod uo=r administration
b. chmod ug+r administration
c. chmod uo+r administration
d. chmod ug=r administration
Answer: d
When using symbols, the equal sign explicitly sets permissions and
revokes any pre-existing permissions.
=====
216
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Changing Permissions
You have a file with the following permissions
-rw-r--r-- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10 phonenos
You want the members of the admin group to be able to modify the
file. What command should you use?
Choose one:
a. chmod 664 phonenos
b. chmod 114 phonenos
c. chmod 771 phonenos
d. chmod 551 phonenos
Answer: a
The first digit would give the owner read and write permission (4 plus 2)
and the second digit would give the group read and write permission. The
last digit gives others the read permission only.
=====
217
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
SUID and GUID
You have a file with permissions set as
-rw-r--r-- 1 root admin 7202 Sep 17 9:10 phonenos
What would be the effect of issuing the command chmod 4755?
Choose one:
a. The owner would be given execute permission.
b. To run the file you will have to give root's password.
c. When executing the file phonenos it would be run under the same
permissions as the owner's.
d. Everyone would have the write permission to the phonenos file.
Answer: c
The first digit would set the user ID when executing the program
also known as SUID. Owner would be granted read, write, and execute
permissions. The group admin and others would also be granted the execute
and read permissions.
=====
218
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Sticky bit
What is meant by sticky bit?
Choose one:
a. When set on a directory, then only the owner of a file can delete it.
b. When set on an executable, then any user can run the executable.
c. When set on a file, only the owner can see the file in a directory
listing.
d. When set on a directory, then everyone has read, write and execute
permission on the files contained in that directory.
Answer: a
When the sticky bit is set on a world writable directory, only the owner
can delete any file contained in that directory.
=====
219
Obj 4.5
Chapter 9
Default Permissions
Your default umask is 002. What does this mean?
Choose one:
a. Any file you create will have the permissions set as owner and group
having read and write permissions; others as read only.
b. Any file you create will have the permissions set as owner and group
having read, write and execute permissions; others as read and execute.
c. Any directoy you create will have the permissions set as owner and
group having read, write and execute permissions; others as read and
write permissions.
d. Any directory you create will have the permissions set as owner and
group having read and write permissions; others as read only.
Answer: a
The digits of your umask represent owner, group and others in that
order. The 0 gives read and write for files and the 2 gives read only
for files.
=====
220
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
sed
Which of the following commands will replace all occurrences of the word
rate with the word speed in the file racing?
Choose one:
a. sed s/rate/speed/g racing
b. sed -n s/rate/speed/ racing
c. sed s/rate/speed/ racing
d. sed s2/rate/speed/ racing
Answer: a
When using sed to do a search and replace, its default action is to
only replace the first occurrence in each line. Adding the 'g' makes sed
replace all occurrences of the search term even when it occurs multiple
times on the same line.
=====
221
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
sed
When using sed to replace one term with another it will print every
line in the file and then print each line every time it does a
replacement. What option should you add to the command line to only
print the lines that are changed?
Choose one:
a. -n
b. -p
c. -g
d. -f
Answer: a
When using sed at the command line, the -n option will cause sed to only
display the lines that have changes made.
=====
222
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
sort
You have a file named phonenos containing names and telephone
numbers. Each line contains the telephone number followed by the name. You
want to sort the file by telephone number in ascending order. Which of
the following commands will accomplish this.
Choose one:
a. sort phonenos
b. sort -c phonenos
c. sort -n phonenos
d. sort -r phonenos
Answer: a
The default action of the sort utility is to sort in ascending order.
=====
223
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
cut
You have a file called phonenos that consists of two fields per line,
telephone number and name, with the fields being separated by a comma
(,). You want to have a list of the names only. Which command will
accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. cut -d, -f2 phonenos
b. cut -d, -f1 phonenos
c. cut -d -f2 phonenos
d. cut -f2 phonenos
Answer: a
When using the cut utility, you can specify the character that is used to
delimit the fields by using the -d option. Use the -f option to specify
which field to return.
=====
224
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
expand
You have a tab delimited file called phonenos and want to change each
tab to four spaces. What command can you use to accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. expand -t4 phonenos
b. expand phonenos
c. expand -n4 phonenos
d. expand -t phonenos
Answer: a
By default, expand converts tabs to eight spaces. Use the -t option to
change this behavior.
=====
225
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
fmt
You want to print out a text file called vacations however the lines
are of varying length. What text filter could you use to even out the
length of the lines?
Answer: fmt
The fmt text utility attempts to make all the lines the same lenght by
joining or splitting lines.
=====
226
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
head
You issue the command head *. What would the resulting output be?
Choose one:
a. The first ten lines of each file in the working directory would be
displayed preceeded by the file's name.
b. The first five lines of each file in the working directory would be
displayed preceeded by the file's name.
c. The name of each file in the working directory would be displayed.
d. The first ten lines of each file in your home directory would be
displayed preceeded by the file's name.
Answer: a
If the number of lines to display is not specified, the first ten lines
of the specified file is displayed. The asterick tells head to display
the content of each file in the present working directory.
=====
227
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
join
You have two files each ten lines long. What text filter could you use
to combine the two files so that each line of the output contains the
corresponding line from each file?
Answer: join
The join text filter will display one line for each pair of input lines
from two files.
=====
228
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
nl
What text filter can you use to display a multi-page file and place
numbers at the beginning of each line.
Answer: nl
The nl text filter will divide a file into logical pages and number
each line.
=====
229
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
od
What text filter can you use to display a binary file in octal numbers?
Answer: od
The od text filter will dumpt the contents of a file and display it in
2-byte octal numbers.
=====
230
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
paste
What would be the result of the command paste -s dog cat?
Choose one:
a. The corresponding lines from the files dog and cat would be pasted
together separated by a tab.
b. The corresponding lines from the files dog and cat would be pasted
together separated by a space.
c. The file cat would be pasted after the file dog.
d. The file dog would be pasted after the file cat.
Answer: c
The paste text filter usually joins two files separating the corresponding
lines with a tab. The -s option, however, will cause paste to display
the first file, dog, then a newline character, and then the file cat.
=====
231
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
pr
You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of
the following commands will accomplish this?
Choose one:
a. pr -l60 vacations | lpr
b. pr -f vacations | lpr
c. pr -m vacations | lpr
d. pr -l vacations | lpr
Answer: a
The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used
to specify a different length.
=====
232
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
split
You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text
filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long?
Type your answer:
Answer: split
The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The
default length of each piece is 1,000 lines.
=====
233
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
tac
What would be the result of issuing the command cat phonenos?
Choose one:
a. The file phonenos would be displayed in reverse order with the last
line shown first.
b. The first word of each line of the file phonenos would be displayed.
c. The file phonenos would be displayed in reverse order with the last
line shown first and a newline character added at the end of each line.
d. The file phonenos would be displayed with each line numbered in
reverse order with the last line shown first.
Answer: a
The tac text filter is a reverse cat. It displays a file starting with
the last line and ending with the first line.
=====
234
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
tail
You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and
horse. What command should you use?
Type your answer:
Answer: tail -15 dog cat horse
The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to
display the last fifteen lines of each specified file.
=====
235
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
tr
You have the file phonenos that contains telephone numbers and names
separated by a comma. You want to change each comma to a semicolon. Which
of the following will accomplish this.
Choose one:
a. cat phonenos | tr ',' ';'
b. tr ',' ';' phonenos
c. sed s/,/;/ phonenos
d. tr phonenos ',' ';'
Answer: a
The tr utility is used to replace one string by another. Here the input
for tr is provided by the cat command and the commas are all replaced
by semicolons.
=====
236
Obj 3.2
Chapter 8
wc
You know that there should be 1,233 entries in the phonenos file and
that each entry in on a separate line. What utility can you use to verify
that the file contains 1,233 lines?
Type your answer:
Answer: wc
The wc utility will count the number of characters, words, or lines.
=====
237
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Input and Output
Where is standard output usually directed?
Answer: to the screen or display
By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.
=====
238
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Input and Output
Each command has two types of output. There are standard output and standard
____________.
Answer: error
By default, each command sends its result as standard output and any
error messages as standard error.
=====
239
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Redirection and pipes
If you type the command cat dog > cat what would you see on your display?
Choose one:
a. Any error messages only.
b. The contents of the file dog.
c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages.
d. The contents of the file dog and the file cat.
Answer: a
When you use > for redirection, it only effects the standard output. Any
messages sent to standard error would still appear on your display.
=====
240
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Redirection and pipes
If you type the command cat dog >& cat what would you see on your display?
Choose one:
a. Any error messages only.
b. The contents of the file dog.
c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages.
d. The contents of the file dog and the file cat.
Answer: b
When you use >& for redirection, it only effects the standard
error. Standard output would still appear on your display.
=====
241
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Redirection and pipes
If you type the command cat dog &> cat what would you see on your display?
Choose one:
a. Any error messages only.
b. The contents of the file dog.
c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages.
d. Nothing as all output is saved to the file cat.
Answer: d
When you use &> for redirection, it redirects both the standard output
and standard error. The output would be saved to the file cat.
=====
242
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Redirection and pipes
If you type the command cat dog 1> cat 2> horse where would the output
be sent?
Choose one:
a. Any error messages would be saved to the file horse and the standard
output would be saved to the file cat.
b. Any error messages would be saved to the file cat and the standard
output would be saved to the file horse.
c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages would be saved
to the file horse.
d. The contents of the files dog and cat would be saved to the file horse.
Answer: a
When you use 1> for redirection, it only effects the standard output. The
2> would send standard error to the file horse.
=====
243
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
Redirection and pipes
You are not interested in any error messages from the command cat dog
cat horse. What command should you enter?
Choose one:
a. cat dog cat horse >& /dev/null
b. cat dog cat horse &> /dev/null
c. cat dog cat horse
d. cat dog cat horse 1> /dev/null
Answer: a
By redirecting the error messages, stderr, to /dev/null they are discarded
and neither saved or displayed.
=====
244
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
pipe
You enter the command cat horse | tr 'x' 'X'. What is the purpose of
the | character?
Choose one:
a. The | character is used to send the output from one command to another
command as input.
b. The | character is used to send the input from one command to another
command as output.
c. The | character is used to sequentially enter multiple commands.
d. The | character is a place holder to tell the shell where one command
ends and another begins.
Answer: a
The | character is used to send the output of one command to another
command as input.
=====
245
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
tee utility
What is the results of the command cat horse | tee dog?
Choose one:
a. The contents of the file horse would be displayed on the screen and
saved in a new file called dog.
b. The contents of the file horse would be displayed on the screen.
c. The contents of the file horse would saved in a new file called dog.
d. The contents of the files horse and dog would be displayed on the
screen.
Answer: a
The tee utility is used to simultaneously send the output of a command
to the display and a file.
=====
246
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
xargs
What is the purpose of the command xargs?
Choose one:
a. xargs is used to pass arguments from one command to another.
b. xargs is used to redirect standard output to a file.
c. xargs is used to redirect standard error to a file.
d. xargs is used to use the contents of a file as standard input.
Answer: a
The xargs command passes arguments from one command to another thereby
allowing the receiving command to handle more arguments than would
normally be possible.
=====
247
Obj 11.2
Chapter 7
User Startup Files
As the system administrator you have created a directory containing some
scripts that you have written. You want to have all your users to be
able to
run this scripts. Which file should you edit to ensure that the scripts
will
run without your users having to type the complete path to the script?
Choose one:
a. ~/.profile
b. /etc/profile
c. /etc/bash
d. ~/.bash
Answer: b
To make changes to the path that will effect all of your users, add
the new directory to a path statement in the /etc/profile files.
=====
248
Obj 11.2
Chapter 7
User Startup files
You want to configure your system so that when you create a new user a
customized .bash_logout file will be created in the new user's home
directory. How can you do this?
Choose one:
a. Copy the .bash_logout file to the new user's home directory.
b. Copy the .bash_logout file to the /etc/skel directory.
c. Copy the .bash_logout file to the /etc directory.
d. Rename the .bash_logout file to BASH_LOGOUT
Answer: b
Any files that are located in the /etc/skel directory will be copied
to the new user's home directory if you use the useradd utility to create
the user account and his home directory.
=====
249
Obj 4.8
Chapter 6
updatedb
Which file do you need to change to alter how the updatedb database is
created?
Choose one:
a. /etc/which.conf
b. /etc/conf.updatedb
c. /etc/updatedb.conf
d. /etc/conf.which
Answer: c
The /etc/updatedb.conf file is used to manage the creation of the updatedb
database.
=====
250
Obj 3.4
Chapter 8
tr
You enter the command cat horse | tr 'x' 'X'. What is the result of this
command?
Choose one:
a. The file horse will be displayed to the screen.
b. Any lines in the file horse containing 'x' or 'X' will be displayed to
the screen
c. All instances of 'x' will be changed to 'X' and the output sent to
the screen.
d. All instances of 'x' will be changed to 'X' and the output written
to the file called horse.
Answer: c
The tr utility is used to change one pattern to another. The results
are then sent to the standard output, the screen.
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